described in detail the relative positions of the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins in the public Service of this Province, not definitely as cham-pion of non Brahmin interests but with a view to showing that if simultanous examinations in England and India for admission into the I.C.S. When the non-brahmin manifesto was released for public debate and scrutiny in december 1916, Annie Beasant, editor of New India (NI) and patron saint of the Home rule movement denounced its contents and stated intentions in strident terms. endstream endobj 32 0 obj <> endobj 33 0 obj <> endobj 34 0 obj <>stream The December 1916 "Non-Brahmin Manifesto" voiced its opposition to the Home Rule Movement. In the conference, Justice Party adopted . When the Justice Party was in power, women were granted voting rights, and a noon-meal programme was implemented. The Non-Brahmin Manifesto was released outlining its objectives viz., reservation of jobs for non-Brahmins in government service, and seats in representative bodies. Out of 140 Deputy Collectors in Madras at the time, 77 were Brahmins, 30 non-Brahmin Hindus, and the rest Muhammadans, Indian Christians, Europeans and Anglo Indians. The South Indian peoples Association has issued the following Manifesto addressed to non-Brahmin gentlemen throughout the presidency under the signature of its Secretary, Rao Bahadur P. Theagaraya Chettiar. 0000025884 00000 n One, of the earliest lower caste movements, which became the torch bearer for the future caste movements, was founded in Maharashtra in the 1870s by Jyotibha Phule, who with his books Gulamgiri (1872) and Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak and his organisation Satya Shodhak Samaj, proclaimed the need "to save the lower castes . 0000003094 00000 n The Hon. They have, in the first place, to educate their boys and girls in far larger numbers than they have yet done, Associations under the responsible guidance of leading non-Brahmin gentlemen should be started and maintained in a state of efficiency, in every populous centre, not merely to induce the various non-Brahmin communities to avail themselves more freely of the existing facilities for education, and to create such facilities where they do not exist, but also to find adequate funds for the education of such of their poor but intelligent boys and girls as cannot obtain instruction without extraneous pecuniary help. Depressed Classes Mission, Non-Brahmin movement and Justice Party . The concluding address was delivered by Dr.K.Veeramani, Patron of Dravidian Historical Research Centre. 19 0 obj <> endobj The presence of such dignitaries at the centenary celebration is emotional to us and emulative to the present generation and the posterity. 0000003899 00000 n While they were in their respective career, they were dutiful and sincere to the cause of the Dravidian Movement. Sir, Alexander (then Mr.) Cardew, now a member of the Madras Executive Council, in his evidence before the Public Service Commission in 1913, described in detail, the relative positions of the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins in the Public Service of this province, not certainly as a champion of non-Brahmin interest, but with a view to show that if simultaneous examinations in England and India for admission into the Indian Civil Service, were introduced, the Brahmins, whom he characterised as a small rigidly exclusive caste would swamp that Service. were introduced, the Brabmins whom he characterised as "a In a well-thought out manifesto issued under his signature as the Secretary of the Sounth Indian Peoples' Association, the aim of the Non-Brahmin Movemnet was clearly set forth and their attitude towards the political movements of the day lucidly explained. Depressed Classes Mission, Non-Brahmin movement and Justice Party . 4 0 obj It is curious to note that even where competitive examinations did not exist, as for instance in the Subordinate Judicial Service of the presidency, the major portion of the appointments was in the hands of the Brahmins, Sir Alexander Cardew stated that, out of 128 permanent District Munsiffs in 1913, 93 were Brahmins, 25 non-Brahmin Hindus and the rest Muhammadans, Indian Christiane, Europeans and Anglo-Indians, From these and other figures of a like nature, he naturally concluded that an open competition for the Civil Service in India would mean almost complete monopoly of the service by the Brahmin caste and the practical exclusion from it of the non-Brahmin classes. When I served as the Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court, I implemented the reservation policy for the first time in the appointment of Judges and other judiciary staff in those States. Tamil Nadu's public institutions have been exorcised of the Brahmin ghost and are now ruled by non-brahmins and non-Dalits. But we cannot help calling attention to the highest appointments open to the Indian in this presidency and the principle upon which they are distributed. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Hume, W.C. Bonnerjee, Budruddin Tayabji, S. Ramaswami Mudaliar, Rangiah Naidu, Rao Bahadur Sabhapathi Mudaliar and Sir Sankaran Nair, enlightened non-Brahmins all over the presidency gave it their hearty and loyal support. 0000008178 00000 n Non-Brahmin Manifesto was proclaimed by Sir Pitti.Theagarayar, narrating the social conditions of non-brahmins in the erstwhile Madras Presidency and the unreasonable monopoly of Brahmins in the education and employment areas. Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th . 19 44 Not satisfied with the possession of the key to the present political position, the radical politicians of this presidency, who are apparently never as happy as when they ask for fresh political concessions, irrespective of their suitability to the existing conditions, now ask for Home Rule, and from previous experience, we fear that, if a discordant note is not sounded at the proper time, it will, of course, be made out that all India is keen about Home Rule. 0000009084 00000 n (b) What is the Non-Brahmin Manifesto? Old established traditions, the position of the Brahmins as the highest and the most sacred of the Hindu castes, the nature of their ancient calling, and the steady inculcation of the belief, both by written texts and oral, teaching, that they are so many divinely-ordained intermediaries without whose active intervention and blessing the soul cannot obtain salvation, and their consequent freedom from manual toil all these helped them to adapt themselves easily to the new conditions under British Rule, as under previous epochs, in large numbers and far more successfully than the other castes and communities, Apart, however, from the question of English education, are large material stakes, traditional and inherited interests in the soil and the social prestige that goes with it, influence among the masses, quiet and peaceful occupations that tend to the steady economic development of the province, and overwhelming numerical strength itself, to count for nothing? T.Nagar is a locality in Chennai which is named after him. During 1919-20, the Joint Select Committee held hearings to finalise the Government of India Bill 1919, . When was Madras Non-Brahmin Association was founded? Should not the classes and communities that, from time immemorial, have stood for these, receive encouragement from the Government? The Non-Brahmin Manifesto", issued in December 1916 by the Association's Secretary, Theagaraya Chettiar defined "the attitude of the several important non-Brahmin Indian communities in this presidency towards what is called "The Indian Home Rule Movement.". The Hon. As a gesture of acknowledgement the felicitated dignitaries spoke as follows: Justice V.Ramaswami, former Judge of the Supreme Court of India. To quote one of the latest instances, of the 15 gentlemen elected from this presidency to represent it on the All India Congress Committee, with the exception of one solitary non-Brahmin Indian, all are practically Brahmins, and yet the decision of this committee, which is the executive of the Congress, upon matters of grave import, such as the revision of the Indian Constitution after the war, will be held up to the worlds admiring gaze as the considered. all the Hindu Judges, are Brahmins. naveensv12 naveensv12 16.03.2020 Social Sciences Secondary School answered expert verified 10. The manifesto articulated the voice of the non-Brahmin communities. It is the effect on the cause, already existed in the society, discriminating people based on their birth in a particular community. The Brahmin monopoly was quite formidable as with only 3.2% of the population they had 72% of all graduates. In these days of organised effort, they maintain no proper organisations for protecting and promoting their common interests and for preventing professional and other politicians, with hardly any corresponding stake in the country, from posing as their accredited spokesmen, Nor have they a press of their own to speak the truth on their behalf. We are deeply devoted and loyally attached to British rule, for that rule, in spite of its many short-comings and occasional aberrations, is, in the main, just and sympathetic, We, indeed, hope that our rulers will, as their knowledge of the country expands, be more readily responsive to public feeling, when, of course, that feeling is clearly manifest and decidedly unambiguous, and that before they take any action they will examine the interests and wishes of each caste, class and community with more anxious care than heretofore and in a less conventional manner, When the spirit of social exclusiveness and the rigidity of class and caste begin to disappear, the progress towards self-government will unquestionably be more satisfactory, but, for the present, the practical politician has to concern himself with what lies immediately in front of him. Indeed, a more vigorous educational policy for the non-Brahmins has long been over-due. The Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued by a) C. Natesan a. Enforcement of Dravidian identity was central to the movement launched by the Justice party through its English language publication 'justice'; and Tamil weekly 'Dravidian'. Implementing a historic government order issued during the tenure of former DMK leader M Karunanidhi, 54 non-Brahmin priests were appointed to temples managed by the HR & CE department." % It is curious to note that even where competitive examinations did not exist, as for instance in the Subordinate Judicial Service of the presidency, the major portion of the appointments was in the hands of the Brahmins, Sir Alexander Cardew stated that, out of 128 permanent District Munsiffs in 1913, 93 were Brahmins, 25 non-Brahmin Hindus and the rest Muhammadans, Indian Christiane, Europeans and Anglo-Indians, From these and other figures of a like nature, he naturally concluded that an open competition for the Civil Service in India would mean almost complete monopoly of the service by the Brahmin caste and the practical exclusion from it of the non-Brahmin classes. In this article, we first examine the issue of the power and status of the Brahmin and show how it . In that way I feel myself as part and parcel of the Dravidian Movement. In my judgment I have mentioned Thanthai Periyar and his contributions in ensuring Social Justice to the oppressed people. It also criticised the Congress as a party of the Brahmins. ^!{X(@L1qZ';P< They have, in the first place, to educate their boys and girls in far larger numbers than they have yet done, Associations under the responsible guidance of leading non-Brahmin gentlemen should be started and maintained in a state of efficiency, in every populous centre, not merely to induce the various non-Brahmin communities to avail themselves more freely of the existing facilities for education, and to create such facilities where they do not exist, but also to find adequate funds for the education of such of their poor but intelligent boys and girls as cannot obtain instruction without extraneous pecuniary help. startxref The Dravidian movement is popularly characterised as the south Indian, non-Brahmin revolt against the . No political, economic or social crisis has dented the thirty-year-old consolidation of the state's most prosperous elites behind the BJP so far. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. For our part, we deprecate, as we have suggested, the introduction of changes not warranted by the present conditions, we cannot too strongly condemn caste or class rule. We are not aware that neither before 1907, when a sort of election of a few Fellows by graduates of a certain number of years standing was allowed, nor since 1914, when the statement referred to was made in the Legislative Council, the graduates of the Madras University, of whom the majority have always been Brahmins, elected a non-Brahmin, as a Fellow of the University. stream Old established traditions, the position of the Brahmins as the highest and the most sacred of the Hindu castes, the nature of their ancient calling, and the steady inculcation of the belief, both by written texts and oral, teaching, that they are so many divinely-ordained intermediaries without whose active intervention and blessing the soul cannot obtain salvation, and their consequent freedom from manual toil all these helped them to adapt themselves easily to the new conditions under British Rule, as under previous epochs, in large numbers and far more successfully than the other castes and communities, Apart, however, from the question of English education, are large material stakes, traditional and inherited interests in the soil and the social prestige that goes with it, influence among the masses, quiet and peaceful occupations that tend to the steady economic development of the province, and overwhelming numerical strength itself, to count for nothing? Being a Malayala Brahmin is the first condition laid down in the guidelines issued by the Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB) for the appointment of priests in the hill shrine. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.44 841.68] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. To quote one of the latest instances, of the 15 gentlemen elected from this presidency to represent it on the All India Congress Committee, with the exception of one solitary non-Brahmin Indian, all are practically Brahmins, and yet the decision of this committee, which is the executive of the Congress, upon matters of grave import, such as the revision of the Indian Constitution after the war, will be held up to the world's admiring gaze as the considered. 0000013093 00000 n On 1919 January 1, the title Dewan Bahadur was awarded to him d. - , - , - . Earlier in 2002, the court had lifted the ban on appointing non-Brahmins as temple priests. The non-Brahmin urban middle class started unifying themselves and the 'Non-Brahmin Manifesto' was published in 1916 followed by the formation of south Indian association in 1917. The columns of The Hindu, for instance, were now open to all, including panchamas, and the latter had come to enjoy 'equality and fraternity in the eyes of the law' (NI 22.8.17). 0000001594 00000 n Nair. 0000028236 00000 n We are deeply devoted and loyally attached to British rule, for that rule, in spite of its many short-comings and occasional aberrations, is, in the main, just and sympathetic, We, indeed, hope that our rulers will, as their knowledge of the country expands, be more readily responsive to public feeling, when, of course, that feeling is clearly manifest and decidedly unambiguous, and that before they take any action they will examine the interests and wishes of each caste, class and community with more anxious care than heretofore and in a less conventional manner, When the spirit of social exclusiveness and the rigidity of class and caste begin to disappear, the progress towards self-government will unquestionably be more satisfactory, but, for the present, the practical politician has to concern himself with what lies immediately in front of him. 48 . While we dissociate ourselves entirely from unauthorised Indian Constitution-making, which seems to be a favourite occupation with a certain class of politicians, we must say that we are strongly in favour of progressive political development of ax well-defined policy of trust in the people, qualified by prudence, and of timely and liberal concessions in the wake of proved fitness. They raised the issue of caste discrimination and unequal opportunities in government employment and representation in elected bodies, which were dominated by Brahmins. During my service in the higher judiciary, I delivered many judgments enabling dispensation of Social Justice through the means of reservation, as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. But the non-Brahmins must first help themselves, Let them do everything needful to ensure a continued educational, social, political and economical development on abroad and enduring basis; and, then, their future as British subjects will be brighter and more prosperous than it is today, What is designated as Nation building is a laborious task, involving, and indeed necessitating, in the slow process of evolution, the due performance, in the proper time by each class and community, of the duty it owes to itself first and foremost. In the manifesto, the Dravidian concept was anti-Brahmin specific because the patrons of the movement, the British imperialist rulers, had wanted it that way." The cause of revolt against Brahmin . In the matter of education itself, the advantage is not all on the side of the Brahmin castes, Though rather late in the field, the non-Brahmin communities have begun to move, They now represent various stages of progress, Some of them, such as the Chetti, the Komati, the Mudaliar, the Naidu and the Nayar, have been making rapid progress; and even the least advanced, like those who are ahead of them, are manfully exerting themselves to come up to the standards of the new time, The spirit of educational progress is abroad, and it is a significant circumstance that among some of the non-Brahmin communities the development is more harmonious and less one-sided than among the Brahmins. An organisation called The Madras Non-Brahmin Association was founded in 1909 to help the non-Brahmin students. Should not the classes and communities that, from time immemorial, have stood for these, receive encouragement from the Government? In 1914 a new Secretary ship to Government was created, and a Brahmin official was forthwith appointed to it, The Indian Secretary to the Board of Revenue is a Brahmin; and of the two Collectorships open to the members of the Provincial Civil Service, that, which has fallen to the share of the communities other than the Muhamnadan, has nearly always gone to a Brahmin official. Updated: 02 Dec 2016 7:10 pm. The other group was led by T.M. I have committed myself to the cause of Social Justice which is close very much to the ideology of Thanthai Periyar. With regard to what obtains at the present moment in the various branches of the Government Service, it is needless to go into the figures. Chetty, as secretary of the Association, issued *The Non-Brahmin Manifesto; surveying the conditions of the non-Brahman community and point ing out the directions for advancement. At a Conference held in Madras or, the 20th November 1916 and attended by several non-Brahmin gentlemen of position and influence both in Madras and in the mofussil, it was resolved that measures be taken to start a company for publishing a newspaper advocating the cause of the non-Brahmin community, and also that apolitical association be formed to advance, safe-guard and protect the interests of the same community, In accordance with this a Joint Stock Company has been started under the name of South Indian Peoples Association for conducting a daily newspaper in English, Tamil and Telugu, respectively, and also a Political Association has been formed under the name of The South Indian Liberal Federation.. 3 0 obj Non -brahmin Manifesto was the first document, and the facts and figures provided in it created a lot of awareness . Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued by P.Kesava Pillai, member of the Legislative Council. The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India.It was established on 20 November 1916 in Victoria Public Hall in Madras by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar and co-founded by T. M. Nair, P. Theagaraya Chetty and Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. A ) C. Natesan a on the cause of the Legislative Council School answered expert verified 10 the issue caste., which were dominated by Brahmins after him in ensuring Social Justice which is close very much to cause. T.Nagar non brahmin manifesto was issued by whom a locality in Chennai which is close very much to the cause of the power status. Manifesto was issued by a ) C. Natesan a these, receive encouragement from the Government 1909! In this article, we first examine the issue of caste discrimination and unequal opportunities in employment... 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