Sustainability Policy| KEYWORDS: South Sudan, Civil War, Ethnicity, Political Instability, National Interests, Humanitarian Crisis INTRODUCTION Africa as a whole is in chaos. They expected Americans to extend unconditional love, and never to be called to account for their misdeeds. This forced the junta to resume talks on a power-sharing government and an agreement has now been reached. What Languages Are Spoken in South Sudan? A dish made of banana paste called Moukhbaza is widely eaten in east Sudan. In rural areas, women assist men in agricultural work to a great extent. And then Riek Machar, not having the wherewithal of the government, not having the resources that the government had to try and construct a multiethnic coalition by buying in diverse members of the elite, immediately fell back upon ethnic mobilization because it was very quick and it was very cheap. by Diana Roy Modern Sudanese literature emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries and was mainly written in Arabic or some local languages like the Fur language. Discuss the hazards and physical challenges of the routes. That has never been forgotten, even after Machar united back with the SPLM in 2001. Have students complete it independently. In all societies under comparison, there were ritual and ceremonial practices marking the stages in the life cycle of the individualbirth, circumcision, puberty, marriage, and death. person who flees their home, usually due to natural disaster or political upheaval. Students learn where the Lost Boys are from and how they got their name. Soldiers from the Dinka ethnic group aligned with Kiir and those from the Nuer ethnic group supported Machar. Basketball, volleyball, handball are other popular games played in the country. The organization of a surra depended on the number of cattle and the distribution of their ownership among the surras members. Tell students that they will see an excerpt, called "From Sudan to the United States." They involve, first of all, a regional protection force, which is a beefed-up peacekeeping force consisting of troops from neighboring countries that would be mandated to be a lot more proactive and would be given the right equipment and to, in theory, go out on fairly aggressive patrols and other operations that could actually protect civilians who are under immediate threat from the warring parties. Tensions have continued to grow in the days since this recent bout of violence, resulting in: In crises such as these, women and girls are especially vulnerable. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Machar fled the country and was eventually detained in South Africa. the process of adopting the traits of a cultural group. If possible, show students the full film, God Grew Tired of Us, during class time. What this meant was that the actual mechanisms for the political management of South Sudan collapsed. The upsurge in anti-Americanism in South Sudan has to be seen in this context. Members of known terrorist groups continue to be in Sudan and could pose a threat. Most of the Sudanese people are Sunni Muslims. by Lindsay Maizland U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry has warned South Sudans leaders to carry out the terms of the peace deal or face sanctions and a loss of U.S. aid. The ruthless gold mercenaries who run Sudan, The warlord who may control Sudans future, Sudans livestream massacre. February 22, 2023 World Relief Sudan is well aware of the specific challenges which women and girls face in such environments and is taking measures to prevent violence, protect vulnerable beneficiaries and support the agency and voices of women in their communities. An abundance of water bodies in southern Sudan brings a variety of fishes to the Sudanese table in this region. 1. Protestors targeted the regime of Sudan's longtime president, Omar al-Bashir, winning his ouster after three decades of rule on April 11, 2019. They are taught gender-based skills at an early age. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. The military and protesters have reached several agreements fleshing out the details of a power-sharing arrangement, with each side trying to overcome suspicion and build a working relationship. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Sudan has a rich heritage of music and dance that have suffered greatly since the implementation of the Sharia law in 1989. Traditional and folk music like the Sufi Dervishes, Haqibah, Southern Sudanese folk music, and Northern Sudanese lyrical music also lost their prominence in modern-day Sudan. Since December 2018, daily street protests have taken place across the Republic of Sudan. The Otoro political system consisted of a number of territorial segments that did not coincide with kinship groupings. The excerpt includes stories from the Kakuma refugee camp. The geographical variations in the country have given birth to regional cultural differences. There were a few Qurnic schools among the Fur, in which elementary Arabic, arithmetic, and the Qurn were taught. Introduce and watch three excerpts from God Grew Tired of Us.Tell students that they will watch three excerpts from God Grew Tired of Us. The military and protesters have been negotiating over the country's future, President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in a coup in April, There were celebrations when the 4 August deal was signed. Contact Us. . In December 2013, following a political struggle between Kiir and Machar that led to Machar's removal as vice president, violence erupted between presidential guard soldiers from the two largest ethnic groups in South Sudan. Later that month, Kiir and Machar signed the Khartoum Declaration of Agreement that included a cease-fire and a pledge to negotiate a power-sharing agreement to end the war. And indeed, all the evidence we have is that they are committing the same crimes. Over the last several years, World Relief Sudan has become a trusted agency among the Sudanese people, other NGOs and the Sudanese government. The cuisine of the country is as varied as the countrys geography and diverse ethnic communities. Find out if there are any Lost Boys in your community or region. This only increased during World War I, leading to the utter collapse of the Tsarist rgime in 1917 and an era of civil war. Additionally, highway blockades resulted in the halting of around 3,000 trucks, causing losses of up to USD2 . The UN Mission in South Sudan is justifiably criticized for some serious failures to protect civilians and humanitarian workers under threat. by Lindsay Maizland Have students watch the excerpt and write about it.Show students the excerpt and have them list their questions about the video and its content as they watch. Then discuss the historical, cultural, and geographic factors that contributed to Sudans civil war and some of the consequences the civil warwhich lasted over twenty yearshad on Sudan and its peoples, including orphaned children, violence, famine, and disease. Compounding the situation was an economic crisis that incapacitated markets and sent the price of food beyond what most people could . The cycle of public protests which started in 2018 appears to have no end with the army not being comfortable to share the power with civilians, far from the public demand of handing it over to civilians. Nubian, Fur, and other minority languages are also spoken. 210 KB. what new things the Lost Boys experienced on the journey from Kenya to the U.S. Dinka homelands in southern Sudan to refugee camps in western Ethiopia, refugee camps in western Ethiopia, across the border into Sudan, and to Kakuma refugee camp in northwestern Kenya, explain who the Lost Boys of Sudan are and how they got that name, locate northern Sudan, southern Sudan, and the Dinka homeland on a world map, describe the experiences of the Lost Boys in Sudan and after they fled Sudan, map the routes the Lost Boys took on their migration journey from Sudan to the United States, map the routes the Lost Boys took within the United States, describe the challenges of displaced peoples, describe American culture in their own words, answer questions about the Lost Boys and cultural identity after watching videos, Tech Setup: 1 computer per classroom, Projector, Speakers. Preteach or review vocabulary. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| Polygyny and leviratic marriages were practiced, and bridewealth payments established wider contact between social groups. 4. If you do not have enough time, encourage students to watch the film at home on their own.5. This trust enabled our team to quickly respond to the latest humanitarian crisis in partnership with UN agencies and other INGOs. It also reflects the ethnic diversity of the countrys population. Tribalism is the state of being organized and advocating for a tribe. The recent rapes and beatings of aid workers and civilians by soldiers at a Juba hotel have been linked to a lack of accountability for human rights violations during Sudans decades-long civil war. Girls play in an internally displaced persons (IDP) camp outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan on July 24, 2014. person who flees their home, usually due to natural disaster or political upheaval. The geographical variations in the country have given birth to regional cultural differences. The Sudanese culture has also evolved over centuries of social and political changes. And on that basis, then [they can] begin a process of national political dialogue and nation-building, backed by the military force of neighboring countries. by Michelle Gavin Terms of Service| 1145 17th Street NW By reducing the distance to water points and fencing them in, women are at far lower risk of being attacked. Read about our approach to external linking. And, although improved communications, increased social and economic mobility, and the spread of a money economy have led to a general loosening of the social ties, customs, relationships, and modes of organization in traditional cultures, much from the past still remains intact. The highest political office among the Fur was that of the sultan, who was surrounded by a body of councillors dependent on royal patronage. UNMISS began to scale back personnel at these civilian protection sites in Fall 2020 in favor of responding more flexibly to violence in the country, raising questions about the return of refugees and government provision of security across the country. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Whereas members of a camp formed the basic unit of cooperation over herding, the household was the main unit of cooperation in agriculture, although some activities connected with agriculture involved a wider group. The best known division is that between the "North" and the This briefing helps set the stage for a better understanding of the underlying causes of unrest by surveying some of the key statistics and data on the key trends in demographics, economics, internal security and justice systems, governance, and social change, and showing how they affect both the region and differ by individual nation. With the exception of the Chungur clan, which was the traditional holder of the hereditary chieftainship, all clans were socially of equal order. Explain that there is a group of over 25,000 young Dinka men who ran away from a civil war. A civil war broke out in South Sudan in 2013. The Otoro recognized tribal boundaries defined by periodically renewed intertribal treaties. Some foods are, however, consumed widely like Kissra, a type of bread which is the staple of the Sudanese diet. with Jeremi Suri Many of the countrys poets were imprisoned while others fled to neighboring Egypt. The Fur reckoned descent patrilineally, but residence was customarily with or near the wifes parents. Soups are also an important part of the Sudanese cuisine. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. Have students add routes from New York City to those states. The Council on Foreign Relations'Nigeria Security Tracker is an effort to catalog and map political violence based on a weekly survey of Nigerian and international press. Introduce the film God Grew Tired of Us and the excerpt students will watch.Explain to students that the film documents the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan as they fled civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. The various kingdoms that ruled the land and the diverse ethnic groups inhabiting the country have all contributed to the Sudanese art. Similar patterns were also made on the upper arms of successful hunters. February 23, 2023, What Climate Change Means for the Horn of Africa, With Michelle Gavin, Podcast How much has that war shaped the actions of combatants in South Sudan today? A year after Russias invasion, Ukraine is suffering a catastrophic humanitarian crisis. In response, the TMC expressed "sorrow for the way events escalated", saying that the operation had targeted "trouble makers and petty criminals" . Al-Bashir seized power in a military coup in 1989. There was little formal education among the Otoro, Humr Baqqrah, and Fur. But the root of this war was not ethnic strife, says expert Alex de Waal in an interview. This would require a type of dedicated administration and political leadership that we havent seen from the UN in South Sudan over the last few years. Men took part in wrestling and fighting as part of their training for manhood. Ongoing disputes and the lack of power-sharing agreements between many of South Sudans rival factions in the civil war that ended in 2018 has cast doubt on whether the government will be able to prevent violence in the lead-up to national elections, which are set to occur in 2022. All rights reserved. These three cultures are those of the Fur, Muslim Africans in the far western part of the country; the Humr tribe of the Baqqrah Arabs, of west-central Sudan; and the Otoro tribe of the Nuba, in east-central Sudan. The ruling parties have been predominately military regimes favouring Islamic-oriented policies, in distinct contrast to the beliefs and practices of the primarily Christian south where churches and schools were established by Italian Catholic missionaries and . There was a sultan at the head of the state, which was divided into four regions in turn divided into districts, subdistricts, and villages. It certainly has a destabilizing effect. Violence has prevented farmers from planting or harvesting crops, causing food shortages nationwide. Here's what you need to know about the crisis. Critical food shortages have continued since then, with UN officials warning that 2021 may be the worst year yet, with more than eight million people in need of humanitarian assistance. The most cogent proposals that are now coming forward for future international engagement in South Sudan are quite ambitious. person who moves from their existing country or region to a new country or region. Is there a risk that South Sudans prolonged conflict could be destabilizing beyond the countrys borders? The Presidents Inbox. While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges . the Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) - a collaboration of doctors, health workers and lawyers. 2023 BBC. Have a whole-class discussion about the hazards and physical challenges of the routes, including drought, wildlife, and food sources. It wont be enough to spur compliance, because unfortunately the terms of the peace deal are such that they could not be implemented or complied with without committing political suicide by the key actors. Among the Nuba there were very few schools at the elementary level. Activity 1: The Lost Boys of Sudan 45 mins Students learn where the Lost Boys are from and how they got their name. They had a valid case to argue, but to cut off the source of 98 percent of your revenue when you are very politically fragile is insaneabsolutely insane. Dairy and milk are fundamental to the diet of most Sudanese. And the political competition within the ruling party intensifiednot only between President Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar, but also with other members of the political elite. VideoAt the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, How fake copyright complaints are muzzling journalists, How 10% of Nigerian registered voters delivered victory, Sake brewers toast big rise in global sales, The Indian-American CEO who wants to be US president, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip. Marriages between cousins are often preferred. After its independence in 2011, how did South Sudan so suddenly fall into a political crisis? If not, contact one of the Lost Boys groups with active websites and establish a pen-pal correspondence between them and your students. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Although official casualties are difficult to confirm, one April 2018 study estimated that nearly four hundred thousand people were killed during the five years of war, an additional nearly four million were internally displaced or fled the country. In Brief Then, ask students to construct a geo-tour of the different segments of the Lost Boys' journey using bookmarks, labels, drawing tools, and markers. In eastern . Interestingly, music influenced by the West has gained popularity in the country today. 4 Jan 2022. Diplomacy, the art of maintaining peaceful relationships without the use of violence, can help turn conflict into cooperation. Since then, for over 75 years, across 100 countries, World Relief has partnered with local churches and communities to develop sustainable, locally-driven solutions to some of our worlds greatest problems. Power among the Humr Baqqrah stemmed from wealth and strength of personality. Stews generally have dried meat, peanut butter, spices, and dried onions as the ingredients. Because of the continual raids and wars between segments, a chieftainship, with the power to use force to maintain peace, was established. Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar First, have students save a map for their group to work on. Terms of Service| Read about our approach to external linking. Kissra is usually consumed with a stew and together constitute the most popular everyday meal of Sudan. The Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan in 2021, twenty years after their ouster by U.S. troops. Just as the attitudes of pro-South Sudan activists in Washington, DC, swung from support to skepticism, so did the sentiments of their erstwhile friends. In July 2014, the UN Security Council declared South Sudans food crisis the worst in the world. Famine was declared in South Sudan during the first few months of 2017, with nearly five million people at risk from food insecurity. They discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities. This series is made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Sudan is home to around 43,120,843 individuals. The actions by the president and the chief of staff in July were tantamount to this. Men and women usually live their separate lives where they socialize with members of the same sex. To move toward peace in South Sudan, "the initiative should be taken at the African level, particularly by the African Union," says de Waal. John Dau, a former "Lost Boy," works to help others in his immigrant community as well as at home in South Sudan. Most African and Western countries have backed the protesters. And finally, that the security of the national capital Juba could be provided jointly by two armies that were still bitterly unreconciled and deeply distrustful of each other. The United States was a lead facilitator of South Sudanese independence, which was decided in a 2011 referendum, and provided diplomatic support and humanitarian aid. Brigadier General Lemi Lomukaya (front R) of the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO), a South Sudanese antigovernment force, poses with rebels at a base in Birigo, on the South Sudanese side of the border with Uganda, on September 22, 2018. Listen to Sudanese music on the National Geographic World Music website. Explain to students that Sudans second civil war was caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan over oil and religion. Ask: What words would you use to describe American culture? Broadly speaking, the traditional societies of Sudan exhibited two types of political organization: the hierarchical system of the Fur and the segmentary systems of the Humr Baqqrah and Otoro. How and why does political identity default to ethnic identity in conflicts like the civil war in South Sudan? Although the Otoro were patrilineal, matrilineal ties were also important. The rights of the village were vested in its inhabitants jointly. Several initiation rights mark their journey into adulthood. The reason things turned from a political crisis to a war was not because of ethnic divisions, but because the army was not a professionalized, institutionalized army, but rather a collection of militia., The reason things turned from a political crisis to a war was not because of ethnic divisions as such, but because the army was not a professionalized, institutionalized army, but rather a collection of militia, each of which was organized on the basis of personal loyalty to its commanderin effect, ethnically based armed units. Point out northern and southern Sudan. Notwithstanding its flaws, it should have been protected. In addition, WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) committees are being formed and are composed of at least 40% women to monitor the use and maintenance of said water points. Five years after gaining independence, South Sudan is gripped by a civil war that has killed an estimated 50,000 and displaced 1.6 million. Editor's note: Andrew Korybko is a Moscow-based American political analyst.The article reflects the author's views and not necessarily those of CGTN. Sudan has been described as "Africa in microcosm.' Formerly a single country, political conflict between North and South spawned its ongoing civil war through the second half of the 20th century which eventually culminated in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, and the secession of South Sudan in 2011. The Sudanese film is Ali Cherri's "The Dam" and it was my favorite film of the festival.It is a breathtaking allegory set against the political unrest of the Sudan. Annual Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event mechanisms that allow for the rapid reallocation of. What cultural aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? March 15, 2022 conflict between groups in the same country or nation. Terracotta sculptures from Sudan are also noteworthy. Different groups of people often come into conflict when a problem cannot be solved, when values clash, or when there is ambiguity over ownership of land and resources. More than a year after President of South Sudan Salva Kiir and former opposition leader Riek Machar formed a unity government, there has been slow progress on implementing the countrys main peace agreement, which was signed in 2018 and ended a civil war that began in 2013. Terrorist groups in Sudan may harm Westerners and Western interests through suicide operations, bombings, shootings, and kidnappings. Sudan experienced its second unrest in two years on October 25 after the armed forces seized power and dissolved the joint civilian-military Sovereign Council that was supposed to transfer power to civilian control by sometime next month. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach The fighting led to 400 thousand deaths and drove four million from their homes and food sources. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Point out the homeland of the Dinkain southern Sudan along the White Nile. Traditionally, among the Otoro there were no political offices, only a special hereditary ritual officethat of chief of the Path, who acted as intermediary in peace negotiations between conflicting parties. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, Understanding the Roots of Conflict in South Sudan, Security forces patrol the Dar Petroleum Operating Company oil production operated in Palogue oil field within Upper Nile State in South Sudan, September 7, 2016. The AU, based on its earlier investigation, has every reason for saying these crimes are being committed and it should intervene. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. This project is supported by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Our emergency response thus far has included provision of potable water andemergency latrines, hygiene promotion training, mobile health services for pregnant women and children under fiveand distribution of basic non-food items for 39,000 internally displaced persons. World Relief is both an equal opportunity employer and a faith-based religious organization. The data presented includes violent incidents related to political, economic, and social grievances directed at the state or other affiliated groups (or,conversely, the state employing violence to respond to those incidents.). Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. 25. All the groups had some form of class distinction. Photo courtesy of Patrick Noonan, WFP, South Sudan. Revolution, unrest and war have ravaged Sudan's history since its independence from British and Egyptian rule in 1956. overtones, an aspect dominant in the whole economic spectrum of the country. Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. Jeanne Wallace-Weaver, Educational Consultant. Program. You cannot download interactives. Sudan is a Northeast African country with varied geography featuring deserts, mountains, sea coasts, and more. Oral literature from Sudan includes mythological stories and religious tales. Sudan is the first Muslim and Arab country to employ female judges, cinematographers, football referees, army members, and police officers. Explain that there is a group of over 25,000 young Dinka men who ran away from a civil war. The Global Conflict Tracker is an interactive guide to ongoing conflicts around the world of concern to the United States with background information and resources. A combination of a hubris arising from international indulgence post-independence and an excess of money meant that the countrys political elites made some catastrophic errors, including shutting down their national oil production six months after independence because of a dispute with the northern Sudanese. The initiative should be taken at the African level, particularly by the African Union. Go to National Geographic's Sudan Facts page and invite volunteers to take turns reading aloud the information. Football is the most popular spectator sport in Sudan. February 22, 2023. It is made of corn or durra. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Annual Lecture on China. Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? It was five times than in Uganda. The other element here is that if you look at U.S. policy towards South Sudan, it swung from being very close, very intimate, to being one of bitter rejection as if by a spurned lover. 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