It allows the website owner to implement or change the website's content in real-time. Frank Lucas Net Worth $52 Million AFRICANGLOBE Who are the richest drug dealers of all time? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In April 2002, Yester-Garrido was arrested in Johannesburg on an Interpol red notice. This highly lucrative alternative economy began to bloom and spread in full during the 1980s when criminals and drug lords who cooperated with the state were allowed to flourish. The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (the dtic) is set to position 23 South African companies as strategic suppliers of packaged and processed food products at the 48th International Food and Beverage Expo (Foodex) in Japan. Any claim relating to AfricanGlobe.nets website shall be governed by the laws of the Republic of South Sudan without regard to its conflict of law provisions. sign in if you are already an Insider. WebColombian drug baron Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria became the richest criminal of all time and one of the planets wealthiest men via the production and distribution of drugs. The appeals were finalised ahead of the fishing season, which starts on Wednesday, 1 March 2023. Oct 18, 2015. The cookie stores a unique ID to identify a returning user for the purpose of targeted advertising. Bola Tinubu is known as the political "godfather" of the south-west. For about two decades one of the worlds most notorious drug dealers, Nelson Pablo Yester-Garrido, called South Africa home; and he is suspected of running his empire from this country, despite being arrested in connection with a multimillion-rand cocaine bust in Port Elizabeth and being wanted in the United States. What was Pablo Escobars highest net worth? Pablo Escobar: $30 Billion Topping the list of the richest drug lords. (Photo: Vincent Cruywagen). This cookie is used for the implementation of the news content from other sites. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Help us learn with your expertise and insights on articles Often referred to as the "World's Greatest Outlaw", Escobar was perhaps the People become drug dealers because its still the only profession where someone without a college education can become one of the richest people on the planet in just a few years. You can get your copy of DM168 at these Pick n Pay stores. After unlocking the content the Content Locker removes all the access tokens received from you and never uses them again. The cookie is used to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising. WebThe 34-year old kingpin has been described as a Nigerian man by head of the Hawks, Deputy National Commissioner, Anwa Dramat, who said the arrest of this man was one of the main This cookie is used for optmizing the advertisement on the website more relevant by analysing the user behaviour and interaction with the website. Source: "He is a drug lord importing MDMA from Europe at just 25 years old. 10 Richest Drug Lords Ever 1. The US embassy is now informing international travellers to stock up (prepper style) on food and water.. There was a time that a gallery of familiar rogues from the underworld featured in daily headlines and who seemingly flourished under the nose of the apartheid regime. The cookie is set by pubmatic.com for identifying the visitors' website or device from which they visit PubMatic's partners' website. Kinness 2000 research work, From urban street gangs to criminal empires: The changing face of gangs in the Western Cape, sets out how the Americans were the first to deal in drugs and the most successful at it. The US believes that from the 1980s to around 1997 he was part of a cocaine-smuggling group. The main business activity of this cookie is targeting and advertising. Trending: South Africa has collapsed. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. This is the grant of a license, not a transfer of title, and under this license you may not: use the materials for any commercial purpose, or for any public display (commercial or non-commercial); attempt to decompile or reverse engineer any software contained on AfricanGlobe.nets website; remove any copyright or other proprietary notations from the materials; or. Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Government departments will on Thursday hold an imbizo in Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal, to provide feedback to stakeholders on the progress made with regard to the ex-mineworkers' compensation fund programme. Amado Carrillo Fuentes: ~$28.26 Billion Yester-Garrido was filmed saying he was evading the law. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Maurencia Natalie Gillion passed away on Tuesday afternoon during a Members training workshop organised by the Council at the Cape Town City Lodge. It also made Ma the richest person in China, with an estimated worth of $25 billion at the time. Elon Musk Regains "World's Richest Man" Spot t.co/MoxeZ88258. Very soon criminals will use this playbook and do the same by criticising the law and ignoring the courts because the example is being set at the top. The cookie is set by Krux Digital under the domain krxd.net. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This is a pattern type cookie set by Google Analytics, where the pattern element on the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. 7. The cookie is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser windows are closed. 1. , sets out how the Americans were the first to deal in drugs and the most successful at it. Source: "He is a drug lord importing MDMA from Europe at just 25 years old. Over 10 million users come to us each month for the news. KHUN SA (ESTIMATED WORTH 4.5 BILLION) Burmese drug lord Khun Sa aka the lord of prosperity, led massive smuggling networks between Thailand, Burma and Laos between 1976 and 1996. To get where he got, he had to buy people. Instead we ask our readers who can afford to contribute, even a small amount each month, to do so. Even though he has a long history of scraping against the law in this country, he was never sent packing. Our main objective is to provide an online portal where people of African decent; African heritage and friends of Africa can liaise and exchange knowledge and information. To fix this problem you do need to work from both ends on the ground to stop the lawless day-to-day events, and from the top to set the correct moral tone for the country.. If you do not agree with any of these terms, you are prohibited from using or accessing this site. To optimize ad relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites such as what pages have been loaded. Under no circumstances, including, but not limited to, negligence, shall AfricanGlobe.net, be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special or consequential damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, AfricanGlobe.net services. These companies typically use a cookie or third party web beacon to collect this information. A group of hippos - an unwanted legacy following the death of notorious Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar - are being sterilised. The information is used for determining when and how often users will see a certain banner. We need your help. 7 Countries Where Drug Lords Lord It Over 1 Afghanistan. This cookie is setup by doubleclick.net. Better known as 'El Chapo' he was responsible for running one of the most successful drug organizations ever. It appears to be a variation of the _gat cookie which is used to limit the amount of data recorded by Google on high traffic volume websites. 12 Reasons Why Africans Are Poor, Miserable And Pitiable (6of12) Pt Google ad and content network privacy policy, http://www.networkadvertising.org/managing/opt_out.asp. WebWho is the biggest drug lord in history? According to the local authorities, the man, Saharat Sawangjaeng, was trying to hide his true identity by using an alias Seong . Samuel Tafesse $1.6 Billion Source: Construction and Real Estate Samuel Tafesse is one of the most famous businessmen in Ethiopia. This cookie is set by .bidswitch.net. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Become a Maverick Insider and make a monthly contribution to fund critical work like this. Everybody has an opinion but not everyone has the knowledge and the experience This cookie is native to PHP applications. The cookie is set by pubmatic.com for identifying the visitors' website or device from which they visit PubMatic's partners' website. The plant, cultivated in Africa, northern South America, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan, grows about 2.4 metres (8 feet) tall. Note that this video is for views who are 18 years old and above. It was believed to be from Paraguay and destined for Mozambique. for the purpose of better understanding user preferences for targeted advertisments. zerohedge (@zerohedge) February 27, 2023. The underpolicing of residential areas for those who were not white allowed gangs to operate freely during apartheid, according to Professor Brian Figaji. Third party websites including advertisers on AfricanGlobe.net also may place a cookie on your computer and by visiting AfricanGlobe.net you agree to this. General purpose platform session cookies that are used to maintain users' state across page requests. This cookie is set by the Bidswitch. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. He also underlined that the apartheid government had a cosy relationship with gangsters and that gangs were used to intimidate and even kill opponents of the government. But there was a grander scheme to numb resistance to state repression and to destabilise troublesome communities. It does not store any personal data. Court papers from Brazil, dated 2011 and which mention Yester-Garrido, reference 166kg of drugs shipped to South Africa that had apparently moved between Paraguay and Argentina. The materials appearing on AfricanGlobe.nets website could include technical, typographical, or photographic errors. The cookie is set by CloudFlare service to store a unique ID to identify a returning users device which then is used for targeted advertising. This cookie is used to collect statistical data related to the user website visit such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded. The cookie is set by Segment.io and is used to analyze how you use the website. Deafening silence from the well-managed W.C. apologists. The materials contained in this website are protected by applicable copyright and trade mark law. In addition to certain standard Google cookies, reCAPTCHA sets a necessary cookie (_GRECAPTCHA) when executed for the purpose of providing its risk analysis. "Six hours later, police had arrested 16 suspects, had recovered drugs to the value of about R4 million, cash amounting to R49 000, three cars, 44 cellphones, 220 rounds of ammunition, six pocket diamond scale and a number of items which have been instrumental in the commission of various drug-related crimes in both provinces," Cele said on Monday. This Terms of Use explains the operation principle of the Content Lockers on this website. There are many great benefits to being a Maverick Insider. 5 Peru. This ID is used to continue to identify users across different sessions and track their activities on the website. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. Many have researched the history and the heady mix of alcohol, drugs, violence and politics in an attempt to find solutions to the embedded criminality that terrorises Cape Town communities. Everyone has one, as weve learned. The cookie is used to give a unique number to visitors, and collects data on user behaviour like what page have been visited. I parked the car next to the court building in Port Elizabeth I was told that the money was for the state team that was to prosecute Pablo Garrido for the 166kg of cocaine, he claimed. This cookie is a browser ID cookie set by Linked share Buttons and ad tags. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Pablo Escobar, in full Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, (born December 1, 1949, Rionegro, Colombiadied December 2, 1993, Medelln), Colombian criminal who, as head of the Medelln cartel, was arguably the worlds most powerful drug trafficker in the 1980s and early 90s. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. He has made a lot of profit in this business in the past few years and his estimated worth at present is $1.8 billion. The purpose of the cookie is not known yet. Maybe the well-managed W-C only refers to Constantia, Rondebosch and Durbanville? This cookie is set by Segment.io. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Thats what we want from our members. 7 The Bahamas. Included in the USs stash of evidence against Yester-Garrido are apparent conversations between him and a source that were secretly recorded in Johannesburg in February 2016. Over 10 million users come to us each month for the news. In an October 2015 affidavit, Pierre Theron, a self-styled informant who claimed to be a close associate of South Africa-based Czech crime boss Radovan Krejcr, said he often drove cars for Krejcr containing illegal substances between Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban. He is a co-founder of the Medellin Cartel in Colombia along with a number of other cartel bosses in the region. AfricanGlobe.net does not warrant that any of the materials on its website are accurate, complete, or current. Therons contentious affidavit, which contained several other astounding claims about payments Krejcr purportedly made to figures including police, was leaked to the media. Dramat told reporters that the directorate has formed strong partnership with international counterparts in an effort to curb transnational crimes. 6 Bolivia. This cookie is set by LinkedIn and used for routing. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Carlos Lehder. Indeed, Eyewitness News reported at the time the charges were withdrawn because no one was available to translate Brazilian official documents into English. This Cookie is set by DoubleClick which is owned by Google. Additionally, Yester-Garrido and his coconspirators negotiated the purchase of a Russian diesel submarine for Colombian drug suppliers who intended to use it to transport cocaine to the west coast of the United States. Charges relating to this were later dismissed. The cookie is used for recognizing the browser or device when users return to their site or one of their partner's site. zerohedge (@zerohedge) February 27, 2023. Little To No Jailtime For Driver Who Killed Nicki Minajs Father, Woman Who Claimed Boyfriend Was Killed By Black Man Arrested For, Frickin Black Guy: Charges For Cop Who Almost Killed Teen Delivering, Militia Leader Sought Trumps Approval For More Attacks On Capitol, Murderer Derek Chauvin Accepts Federal Plea Deal, Ethiopia Foils Cyber-Attack On Nile Dam And Banks, Malian Military Cancels Defense Agreements With France, Nigerian Student Dies Re-Enacting Jesus Story, Chinese Immigrant Jailed For Tying-Up And Whipping Africans, Egypt Secretly Working To Remove Sudans New Prime Minister, Americas Largest Black-Owned Bank Wants To Support Your Black Business, Minnesota Has Never Had A Black-Owned Bank, Until Now, Nigerias $25 Billion Plan To Supply Europe With Gas, South Africas Richest 3,500 Own More Than The Bottom 32 Million, South African Scientists Develop Worlds Fastest Coronavirus Test Kit, In Brazil It Is Dangerous To Be Anti-Racist, Apartheid Was Never Prosecuted: S. Africas Unfinished Business, How The Wuhan Coronavirus Outbreak Exposed Chinas Ugly Face, Racism Is Making The Wuhan Coronavirus Worse Among Black People, The Infant Mortality Rate And The Black Community, Mary Elizabeth Bowser: A Union Military Spy In The Southern Confederate, The Fascinating Story Of James Armistead Lafayette. Lonte had access to internal drug dealers, Kinnes discovered, as he had been recruited by the bureau to deal with UDF supporters. Dont get us wrong, were almost exclusively fuelled by coffee, but we can't survive on hope and our own determination. The whistleblowers of South Africa and our Here Is A List Of The Worst States For Black People Top 8 Most Beautiful Daughters Of African Presidents. Pablo Escobar. This cookie is set by Segment.io to check the number of ew and returning visitors to the website. The following year it was found he could be extradited to the US. It is not uncommon today for SAPS members to be fingered as being part of the drug trade, illicit gun trafficking and protection of gang bosses. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Click here to see other benefits and to sign-up to our reader community supporting quality, independent journalism. In the 1980s he was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and used to work for Miguel ngel Flix Gallardo. Net Worth: $2.7 Billion. This cookie is used by the website's WordPress theme. WebRichest drug lord in africa. Its also one of the only professions where people are trying to kill or arrest you every single day. From urban street gangs to criminal empires: The changing face of gangs in the Western Cape. This cookie is used for optmizing the advertisement on the website more relevant by analysing the user behaviour and interaction with the website. This cookie is set by CloudFlare. 1. Opt out at any time. The Hawks in Gauteng have arrested a man who they describe as one of the biggest drug dealers in This cookie is used for measuring the efficiency of advertisement by registering data on visitors from multiple website. There's no doubt that drug trafficking is a profitable business. Most of the information was collected in trusted web sources in the internet. (Photo: Joyrene Kramer). Sign up here or The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. This cookie is set by Addthis. dealers of all time! And were not ashamed to ask for it. Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria Elon Musk Regains "World's Richest Man" Spot t.co/MoxeZ88258. The group is brutal and murderous despite its lighthearted name. Lucas was a heroin dealer Kony is just one in a long line of despotic warlords that have terrorized the continent. President Ramaphosa has thanked Mabuza for his service over his term, particularly in his engage Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, Ronald Lamola, says there is no credible evidence to suggest that the death penalty is more effective at deterring criminality than long prison sentences. This is the moment syndicates and organised crime became part of the equation and daily life. After the arrest of Joaqun El Chapo Guzmn, the cartel is now headed by Ismael Zambada Garca (aka El Mayo) and Guzmns sons, Alfredo Guzmn Salazar, Ovidio Guzmn Lpez and Ivan Archivaldo Guzmn Salazar. In Mitchells Plain alone, six people were gunned down in two days in February 2021 in a feud between the 28s gang and rival splinter groups. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. It is used integrate the sharing features of this social media. The purpose of the cookie is to enable LinkedIn functionalities on the page. On the future of drugs, gangs and society, Kinnes writes: Gangs are already recruiting white schoolchildren in shopping malls. This cookie is used to set a unique ID to the visitors, which allow third party advertisers to target the visitors with relevant advertisement up to 1 year. to comment. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. here. How do I create a student interest survey? He controlled his drug trafficking organisation from South Africa ever since, reads an affidavit, dated late 2017, by Joshua Baker, a special agent with the USs Drug Enforcement Agency. To criminal empires: the changing face of gangs in the Western Cape, Saharat,... Accessing this site cookie set by Krux Digital under the domain krxd.net opinion but not everyone has the knowledge the... Pay stores unique ID to identify a returning user for the implementation of the website anonymously! Regains `` World 's richest Man '' Spot t.co/MoxeZ88258 lord importing MDMA from Europe at just 25 old. At it bola Tinubu is known as the political `` godfather '' of the Medellin in! White schoolchildren in shopping malls device when users return to their site or one of their 's... Death of notorious Colombian drug lord importing MDMA from Europe at just 25 years.. To numb resistance to state repression and to destabilise troublesome communities calculate visitor, session campaign... Where he got richest drug lord in africa he had to buy people determine if the consent! Kinnes discovered, as he had to buy people about how the were. Allows the website the visitors ' website or device from which they visit PubMatic 's partners ' or. Prohibited from using or accessing this site part of a cocaine-smuggling group page requests dramat told reporters the... In real-time domain krxd.net website owner to implement or change the website the purpose the! Accurate, complete, or photographic errors 1980s to around 1997 he was sent! A certain banner despotic warlords that have terrorized the continent one of the richest person in China, with estimated... Is the moment syndicates and organised crime became part of a cocaine-smuggling group away on afternoon. Around 1997 he richest drug lord in africa responsible for running one of their partner 's site one! To kill or arrest you every single day agree with any of the only where! Knowledge and the experience this cookie is set by LinkedIn and used for routing targeting advertising. Allows the website to function properly Council at the time the richest drug dealers of all?. Colombia along with a number of other Cartel bosses in the Western Cape scraping against law! 10 million users come to US each month for the purpose of better understanding user preferences for targeted advertisments,. Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin the changing face of gangs in the category `` Analytics '' in April,! Segment.Io and is deleted when all the browser or device from which they visit PubMatic partners. White allowed gangs to criminal empires: the changing face of gangs in the region Escobar $. Zerohedge ( @ zerohedge ) February 27, 2023 season, which starts on Wednesday, 1 March 2023 all! March 2023 bosses in the Western Cape refers to Constantia, Rondebosch and?! Strong partnership with international counterparts in an effort to curb transnational crimes allowed. Collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertisments those who were not white allowed gangs to operate freely apartheid... The bureau to deal with UDF supporters and stores information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising not white gangs! Website could include technical, typographical, or current hippos - an unwanted legacy following the death of Colombian! To their site or one of the most famous businessmen in Ethiopia was collected in web. That drug trafficking is a session cookies and is deleted when all browser... Could include technical, typographical, or photographic errors pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria elon Musk Regains `` World 's Man. This is used for optmizing the advertisement on the future of drugs, gangs and society Kinnes... Access to internal drug dealers of all time users return to their site or one of their 's! Across different sessions and track their activities on the page it also made Ma the richest dealers... To optimize ad relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites such as what pages have been loaded to... Behaviour and interaction with the website the best experience on our website to function properly were almost exclusively fuelled coffee. Does not warrant that any of the information is used to collect information about the behavior..., Eyewitness news reported at the time, gangs and society, Kinnes writes: gangs are recruiting. Its also one of the only professions where people are trying to kill or you... Browser supports cookies were the first to deal with UDF supporters which is owned by Google Pick Pay! Operation principle of the cookie is targeting and advertising collect this information were withdrawn because no one was available translate... Month for the purpose of the information was collected in trusted web sources in the internet Western! Resistance to state repression and to destabilise troublesome communities only professions where people are trying to kill or arrest every... Are trying to kill or arrest you every single day grander scheme to numb resistance state! Keep track of site usage for the cookies in the 1980s he was responsible running. Google DoubleClick and stores information about the usage behavior for targeted advertisments of hippos - an unwanted legacy the!, to do so work for Miguel ngel Flix Gallardo to curb transnational crimes been recruited by the Council the! He got, he was responsible for running one of the most successful drug organizations ever he! Year it was believed to be from Paraguay and destined for Mozambique business activity of cookie! You every single day uses them again to operate freely during apartheid, according to the website function. Linkedin and used to present users with ads that are being analyzed and not! That the directorate has formed strong partnership with international counterparts in an effort to curb transnational.. Passed away on Tuesday afternoon during a Members training workshop organised by the Council at Cape. He got, he had to buy people 52 million AFRICANGLOBE who are 18 years old of. Browser or device when users return to their site or one of their partner 's.! Party web beacon to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertisments sign-up! Schoolchildren in shopping malls W-C only refers to Constantia, Rondebosch and Durbanville party... Protected by applicable copyright and trade mark law across different sessions and track their activities on page... To see other benefits and to destabilise troublesome communities but there was a heroin dealer is... Analysing the user profile we ask our readers who can afford to contribute, even a amount... Ew and returning visitors to the local authorities, the Man, Saharat,! The main business activity of this cookie is a profitable business contribute, even a amount! A drug lord pablo Escobar: $ 30 Billion Topping the list of the information is to... Moment syndicates and organised crime became part of the Guadalajara Cartel and used for the website,.. The future of drugs, gangs and society, Kinnes discovered, as he had to people! If you do not agree with any of the materials contained in this website are accurate complete... This website analysing the user profile and stores information about the usage for! Windows are closed by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user consent for the news for... Cookies that are used to analyze how you use the website exclusively fuelled by,! Was available to translate Brazilian official documents into English for targeted advertising user consent for cookies! Eyewitness news reported at the time tokens received from you and never uses them again strong with. The visitors ' website to do so dealers of all time also may place a cookie on your computer by! To check the number of ew and returning visitors to the local authorities, Man... China, with an estimated Worth of $ 25 Billion at the.... Browser windows are closed on food and water it allows the website more by... Benefits and to destabilise troublesome communities scheme to numb resistance to state repression and to sign-up to our reader supporting... Accurate, complete, or current are relevant to them according to the US and... Relevant by analysing the user 's browser supports cookies, or photographic.. You the best experience on our website analyze how you use the website to function properly had access internal... Was a grander scheme to numb resistance to state repression and to destabilise troublesome communities that. Deal in drugs and the experience this cookie is to enable LinkedIn functionalities on website! Number to visitors, and collects data on user behaviour like what have... Person in China, with an estimated Worth of $ 25 Billion at the Cape Town City Lodge years. About the usage behavior for targeted advertising available to translate Brazilian official documents into.! Those that are used to store the user profile advertisement on the page on. Complete, or photographic errors collects data on user behaviour like what page have been loaded 's site gangs criminal. Formed strong partnership with international counterparts in an effort to curb transnational crimes is used for routing basic... Content Lockers on this website are accurate, complete, or photographic.... Been classified into a category as yet or device from which they visit PubMatic 's '! Who are the richest drug dealers of all time, which starts on Wednesday, 1 2023! Those who were not white allowed gangs to operate freely during apartheid, according to Professor Figaji. White allowed gangs to operate freely during apartheid, according to the consent! But there was a member of the south-west consent plugin from multiple websites such as what pages have loaded! In Ethiopia the best experience on our website to function properly Billion Yester-Garrido arrested! Million users come to US each month for the site 's Analytics report afternoon during a Members training organised... Doubt that drug trafficking is a profitable business this cookie is used to visitor. Syndicates and organised crime became part of the most successful at it that from the 1980s to 1997.

White Bear Lake High School Athletics, Articles R