• Variation of samba style: Partido Alto 2:3; L.H..L.L|.H..L.L. The term Clave literally means “Key” in Spanish. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Locke, David (1982). The Geometry of Musical Rhythm: What Makes a "Good" Rhythm Good? Grenet, Emilio, translated by R. Phillips (1939). Toussaint observes that the beat “is heard in all corners of the world, in almost any type of music, including rhythm and blues, salsa, rockabilly, rock, soukous, jazz, house, and the fusion pop music of scores of countries.” So what makes this rhythm so special? Most pop/rock songs have a mixture of syncopated and “straight” rhythms. Here are the basic notations for each note, along with its equivalent rest (a rest is silence, when no sound is played): clave rhythm. On the Wikipedia clave page, the clave pattern should be introduced in a single measure without mention of 3-2/2-3. How to Figure Out Tricky Rhythms. The characteristic rhythm of Afro-Cuban music. Peñalosa, David (2010: 154). There are many different claves, some are more true to the original clave brought by the African slaves, others have been made less syncopated over time as they have been fused with other styles of music. African Clave Rhythms and Popular Music. It just happens within a smaller number of beats on the page (which usually means it’s played faster). It is very popular in Cuba, Puerto Rico and New York. Salsa music is a popular dance music genre that initially arose in New York City during the 1960s. Definitions of Clave_(rhythm), synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Clave_(rhythm), analogical dictionary of Clave_(rhythm) (English) The most common clave types are the 3-2 and the 2-3, alternating between three and two strikes in each bar. The tibwa rhythm also provided inspiration for the chouval bwa and then for zouk (two Antillean popular music). CLAVE (C L A -ve h ) A n o ffb e a t 3 -2 o r 2 -3 rh yth m ic p a tte rn o ve r tw o b a rs, it is th e b a sis o f a ll C u b a n m u sic in to w h ich a ll e le m e n ts o f a rra n g e m e n t a n d im p ro visa tio n sh o u ld fit. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Again, each possible rhythm will sound exactly the same as it’s double-valued “cousins”. Recorded examples of “son clave” in traditional music from Ghana and Benin: "Waka" (one) Addy, Mustapha Tettey, Recorded examples of “son clave” used in Brazilian Candomblé and Macumba rhythms: “Afro-Brasileiros”, Gerhard Kubik cited by Agawu, Kofi (2006: 1-46). Both claves are approximately 2 cm in diameter and about 25 cm long. I found if I kept these points in the new meters they could still flow seamlessly, allowing me to play longer phrases. Their sound comes from hitting one of them, sustained over in the hollow of the hand, with the other as a drumstick. Comparing Perspectives on the ‘Standard Pattern’ of West African Rhythm”, Gerstin, Julian (2013) "Rhythmic Structures in the African Continuum". Alain Pérez cited by Peñalosa (2009: 253). The Macarena uses clave. I developed the concept of adjusting claves to other time signatures, with varying degrees of success. The top number represents the number of beats per measure, while the bottom number represents the note value for each beat. 1. Style: Ijexa 3:2; LL.L.LL.|L.L.L.L. "Highlife guitar example". Written by MasterClass. A song’s rhythmic structure dictates when notes are played, for how long, and with what degree of emphasis. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. ), Stewart, Alexander (2000). They are modern examples of concussion, or rhythm, sticks, one of the most ancient musical instruments, used in many cultures since ancient times in ritual, in accompanying work, and in calling attention, as well as for musical rhythm. Rap’s musical origin seems to have been the joining of three distinct elements: 1) the beat-heavy faux primitivism of 1970s popular music, 2) the nascent mechanical approach to rhythm that would come to prominence in the 1980s, and 3) certain rhyming games and speech patterns common in African-American neighborhoods (think of “jive talk” and the poetry of Mohammed Ali). Clave rhythms were a central part of many different types of Cuban music such as the salsa and rumba, hence the name “clave” which means “key” in Spanish (since they were a “central” or “key” part of the music.) All of the following rhythms have been notated in 2:3 direction. [86], Here are some examples of recordings that use odd meter clave concepts. Last updated: Nov 8, 2020 • 3 min read. Recorded examples of "son clave" used in yambú: “Ave Maria", "The time of the bell rhythm and its division into beats establish meter, a concept that implies a musical period. Syncopation in pop/rock music. Rhythm, in music, the placement of sounds in time, generally considered as an ordered alternation of contrasting elements. They are used to mark the rhythm in music, and even though their harmonic possibilities are minimal, its importance within any gro… Web. Wherever son clave came from, it’s incredibly popular. Cuban Popular Music First is the set of concepts and related terminology, which were created and developed in Cuban popular music from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. Clave has a natural flow with a certain tension and resolves points. The two main clave patterns used in Afro-Cuban music are known in North America as son clave and the rumba clave. According to drummer Bobby Sanabria the Brazilian composer Antonio Carlos Jobim, who developed the pattern, considers it to be merely a rhythmic motif and not a clave (guide pattern). These rhythms are the basic building blocks of salsa music. It was found that Pressing's measure of rhythm complexity agrees well with the difficulty of performing these clave rhythms whereas the Lempel-Ziv measure appears to be useless. In other words, the rhythm is implied, but still drives the “feel” or groove of the song. Clave [Klah'-Vey]: N, Adj. The son clave rhythm is present in Jamaican mento music, and can be heard on 1950s-era recordings such as "Don’t Fence Her In", "Green Guava" or "Limbo" by Lord Tickler, "Mango Time" by Count Lasher, "Linstead Market/Day O" by The Wigglers, "Bargie" by The Tower Islanders, "Nebuchanezer" by Laurel Aitken and others. [89], This article is about the rhythmic pattern. West African songs are polyrhythmic , which means that they feature two or more conflicting rhythms. Technically speaking, the term odd meter clave is an oxymoron. b. Unlike traditional folk music, popular music is written by known individuals. "Rumba Clave" by Cuban percussion virtuoso Roberto Vizcaiño has been performed in recital halls around the world. [20] Clave theory. Legend: Time signature: 24; L=low bell, H=high bell, O = open surdo hit, X = muffled surdo hit, and | divides the measure: For 3rd example above, the clave pattern is based on a common accompaniment pattern played by the guitarist. Your IP: 172.105.49.130 Although clave is a traditional rhythm, it finds its way into funk, rock, jazz, and many other styles. Other players use different stockings, but I appreciate the players who outline clave by playing those palito hits with the same hand. The Clave Matrix. The clave is so popular in Latin and Afro Cuban music, that most beats are based around it. Often times, the clave rhythm is the basis for the rhythmic parts of a song, but is not actually played by itself. In Popular Cuban Music , Emilio Grenet defines in general terms, how the duple-pulse clave pattern guides all members of the music ensemble. These patterns are often played on the claves, a pair of short wooden dowels. Clave which is traditionally used in a divisive rhythm structure, has inspired many new creative inventions in an additive rhythm context. Below I’ve notated the 3 main types of clave present in Cuban music today. It also gave me many reference points and reduced my reliance on "one"—Guilfoyle (2006: 10). (More common 3:2: .L.L.H.H|L.L.L.H. This is suggestive of a pre-determined rhythmic relationship between the vocal part and the percussion and supports the idea of a clave-like structure in Brazilian music. Wherever son clave came from, it’s incredibly popular. The clave rhythm and clave concept have been used in some modern art music ("classical") compositions. Jobim later regretted that Latino musicians misunderstood the role of this bossa nova pattern.[85]. There are three main branches of what could be called clave theory. . To talk about the Cuban clave, it is essential to refer to the instrument of the same name. One of a pair of cylindrical hardwood sticks that are used as a percussion instrument; a kind of rhythm. How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us. Ladzekpo quoted by Peñalosa (2009: 244), Centro de Investigación de la Música Cubana (1997: 63), Santos, John (1986) “The Clave: Cornerstone of Cuban Music”. In American popular music, an Americanized form of the Cuban rumba. Toussaint, Godfried, "A Mathematical Analysis of African, Brazilian and Cuban Clave Rhythms" Montreal, School of Computer Science. African Clave Rhythms and Popular Music. . C.K. discography compiled by Guilfoyle (2006: 71), "Songo with Clave in 9" (Conor Guilfoyle), Online Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter. All musicians who write and/or interpret Cuban-based music must be ‘clave conscious,’ not just the percussionists—Santos (1986). Both are used as bell patterns across much of Africa. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. Rhythms are notated using notes and rests. Bobby Sanabria cited by Peñalosa (2009: 243). ", This page was last edited on 18 February 2021, at 23:31. Popular music, any commercially oriented music principally intended to be received and appreciated by a wide audience, generally in literate, technologically advanced societies dominated by urban culture. It is also written in a single measure in ethnom… Name and describe some genres of Cuban music that use clave… The examples below are transcriptions of several patterns resembling the Cuban clave that is found in various styles of Brazilian music, on the ago-gô and surdo instruments. All of the following rhythms have been notated in 2:3 direction. In zouk, the rhythm is often simplified to an almost-constant 3+3+2 motif and played with rimshots on the snare while the chacha or hi-hats play the cinquillo-tresillo rhythm. Learn about the elements of rhythm and the relevance of beat, time, and meter. Rhythm. Clave - salsa music is usually centred around the son clave, while the direction is usually 2:3, meaning that the bar with 2 notes comes first, followed by … . C L A V E is a n As backbeat to the interview in our Rhythm Issue we proudly present The Wire's TOP 50 RHYTHMS OF ALL TIME as chosen for reasons profound, perverse, personal or provocative by Richard Cook, Hopey Glass, Ian Penman, Richard Scott and Ben Watson. The Jamaican population is part of the same origin (Congo) as many Cubans, which perhaps explains the shared rhythm. Claves (/ ˈ k l ɑː v eɪ z, k l eɪ v z /; Spanish: ) are a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of short, wooden sticks about 20-25 centimeters (8-10 inches) long and about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter. Son clave can be played on a drum set in a variety of ways. Syncopation occurs when a rhythmic pattern that typically occurs on strong beats or strong parts of the beat occurs instead on weak beats or weak parts of the beat. When the rhythm and music are ‘in clave,’ a great natural ‘swing’ is produced, regardless of the tempo. For the musical instrument used to play it, see, Both patterns shown in simple meter (duple-pulse) and compound meter (triple-pulse) structures, Ethnomusicological studies of African rhythm, The 3–2/2–3 clave concept and terminology, Cross-rhythm and the correct metric structure, Chord progression begins on the three-side (3–2), Chord progression begins on the two-side (2–3), Going from one side of clave to the other within the same song, Guide-patterns in Cuban versus non-Cuban music, Recommended listening for odd-meter "clave", "There are just two claves—son clave and rumba clave. The clave is the rhythmic foundation of Cuban music (read a Letter from Cuba accompanying feature here ). Home; Books; Search; Support. These patterns are often played on the claves, a pair of short wooden dowels. ", "We find that all its melodic design is constructed on a rhythmic pattern of two measures, as though both were only one, the first is antecedent, strong, and the second is consequent, weak. Part 1: Bossa Nova and Samba I often meet drummers who just aren’t interested in studying Latin rhythms. Bobby Sanabria quoted by Peñalosa (2009: 252). King, Anthony (1960: 51-52) “The Employment of the Standard Pattern in Yoruba Music”, C.K. "Principles of Off-Beat Timing and Cross-Rhythm in Southern Ewe Dance Drumming”. It’s one of two important fundamental claves in Afro-Cuban and widely used in popular music from all over the world. Related: Clave Rhythm – A Brief History Of A Sacred Popular Rhythm. Another clave-based composition that has "gone global" is the snare drum suite "Cross" by Eugene D. Novotney. Salsa is the product of various Cuban musical genres including the Afro-Cuban son montuno, guaracha, cha cha chá, mambo, and Puerto Rican plena and bomba. Cloudflare Ray ID: 62c307883ff42e65 Now we will discuss the clave as a rhythm. techniques are illustrated on the six fundamental 4/4 time clave and bell rhythm timelines most frequently used in African, Brazilian and Cuban music. The so-called "bossa nova clave" (or "Brazilian clave") has a similar rhythm to that of the son clave, but the second note on the two-side is delayed by one pulse (subdivision). Clave - salsa music is usually centred around the son clave, while the direction is usually 2:3, meaning that the bar with 2 notes comes first, followed by the bar consisting of 3 notes. In North American charts it is more likely to be written in cut-time. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. 1. Learn the son and rumba clave beats and rhythms in this video lesson. "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music. The syncopated rhythms are usually easy to sing, since they often match speech better than straight rhythms. The characteristic rhythm of Afro-Cuban music. Clave Rhythm – A Brief History Of A Sacred Popular Rhythm Clave: The Instrument. In fact, there are hundreds of other examples throughout jazz and popular music. Clave [Klah'-Vey]: N, Adj. The "clave" rhythmic pattern is used as a tool for temporal organization in Afro-Cuban music, such as abakúa, rumba, conga de comparsa, son, … It has a similar rhythmic feel but lacks the clave rhythm heard in authentic Afro-Cuban music. Clave is made from hardwoods like rosewood, grenadilla, or ebony. It has a similar rhythmic feel but lacks the clave rhythm heard in authentic Afro-Cuban music. Latin Rhythms: MYSTERY UNRAVELED Victor L pez, Clinician Sponsored by Alfred Publishing Company Guest Clinicians: M ichele Fernandez D enlinger Anthon y M. Falcon e 2005 Midwest Clinic 59th Annual Conference H ilton C hicago - C hicago, Illinois December 16, 2005 Special thanks to: Music consists of a combination of three core components: melody, harmony, and rhythm. "Afrobeat" by Folio Graff. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. The rhythm is typically played as a snare rim pattern in bossa nova music. The word "clave" comes from the Spanish (via Cuba, in this case) word for "key," as the claves are used to play what's called a "key pattern," a percussion line that essentially acts as a "keystone" for the overall rhythm pattern of the music, linking the whole sound together. Toussaint observes that the beat “is heard in all corners of the world, in almost any type of music, including rhythm and blues, salsa, rockabilly, rock, soukous, jazz, house, and the fusion pop music of scores of countries.” So what makes this rhythm so special? It can be represented as: //X x x X x x X x // x x X x X x x x //. The contemporary Cuban practice is to write the duple-pulse clave in a single measure of 4. Graff, Folio (2001: 17). Claves were originally used in Afro-Cuban folk music and are among the instruments that maintain various fixed rhythmic patterns in Latin-American dance bands. Attempts to define rhythm in music have produced much disagreement. The first is rhythm, a repeated pattern in music and the defining aspect of West African music. ), Instrument: 3rd Surdo 2:3; X...O.O.|X...OO.O. The Relation Between Clave Pattern and Violin Improvisation in Santería's Religious Feast, Thesis: The 3:2 Relationship as the Foundation of Timelines in West African Musics, Clave Changes in the Music of Charanga Habanera, Clave Analysis of Charanga Habanera's Tremendo delirio, BBC World Service – Special Reports – A Short History of Five Notes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clave_(rhythm)&oldid=1007595242, Articles with failed verification from February 2014, Pages with login required references or sources, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Style: Samba 3:2; LL.L.H.H|L.L.L.H. Latin Rhythms in Pop Music. 3-2/2-3 is primarily a North American concept and does not apply to the pattern’s folkloric origins or its use in contemporary Cuban popular music (see quotes on Wikipedia’s clave page). The pattern is shown below in 24, as it is written in Brazil. It is also heard frequently in Martinique's biguine and Dominica's Jing ping. I’ve heard the same thing many times: “I’m never going to play a samba, mambo, songo, or 6/8 groove, so why should I learn it?”. A song will only be based on one version of a clave rhythm. Toussaint, Godfried, "The Rhythm that Conquered the World: What Makes a 'Good' Rhythm Good?". [Show full abstract] index to analyze popular music with English and Japanese lyrics composed by Japanese composers to investigate an influence of the language of the lyrics on musical rhythm. Cuban Rhythm: A Primer. So let me uncover this latin drumming mystery and explain the different types and definitions of the clave. ", "In reality, as Peñalosa explains in great detail in. It can be represented as: //X x x X x x X x // x x X x X x x x //. One of a pair of cylindrical hardwood sticks that are used as a percussion instrument; a kind of rhythm. • Mongo Santamaría, cited by Washburne, Christopher (2008: 190), Mongo Santamaría, cited by Gerard, Charley (2001: 49). Some designs include a larger... African Bell. Some rumberos play the palito pattern by playing the rumba clave in one hand and adding the left to complete the palito example 1 (shown above). This recording cuts off the first bar so that it sounds like the bell comes in on the third beat of the second bar. Just as likely however is the possibility that claves and the clave rhythm spread to Jamaica, Trinidad and the other small islands of the Caribbean through the popularity of Cuban son recordings from the 1920s onward. Clave consists of two even halves, in a divisive structure of four main beats. The clave is the rhythmic foundation of Cuban music (read a Letter from Cuba accompanying feature here).The most common clave types are the 3-2 and the 2-3, alternating between three and two strikes in each bar. Just as a keystone holds an arch in place, the clave pattern holds the rhythm together in Afro-Cuban music. B=bass note played by guitarist's thumb, C=chord played by fingers. Sonny Bravo cited by Peñalosa (2009: 253). ", [The] clave pattern has two opposing rhythm cells: the first cell consists of three strokes, or the rhythm cell, which is called. clave rhythm. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. Nigerian musician Segun Bucknor: "Latin American music and our music is virtually the same"—quoted by Collins 1992 p. 62, Eyre, Banning (2006: 9). (HH.L.LL.|H.H.L.L. info). Without tempo, metre and rhythm, music would be disorganised and chaotic. “Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis? Understanding Rhythm in Music: 7 Elements of Rhythm. The time signature consists of two numbers, stacked one on top of the other. Somba, Salsa, Bossa Nova, Samba, and more all are based around the clave. The meter of a song is indicated by its time signature. Toussaint, Godfried, “The Euclidean Algorithm Generates Traditional Musical Rhythms”, Locke, David "Improvisation in West African Music". Ladzekpo cited by Peñalosa (2009: 244). The singer enters on the wrong side of the clave and the ago-gô player adjusts accordingly. These rhythms are the basic building blocks of salsa music. Son and rumba clave can be played in either a triple-pulse ( 8 or 8) or duple-pulse( 4, 4 or 2) structure. What became obvious to me quite quickly was that the closer I stuck to the general rules of clave the more natural the pattern sounded. In American popular music, an Americanized form of the Cuban rumba. The claves (plural) are two cylinders of hard and solid wood that make up a minor percussion instrument. However, in recent years jazz musicians from Cuba and outside of Cuba have been experimenting with creating new "claves" and related patterns in various odd meters. Clave is the primary orienting rhythm in: Salsa Rumba Conga Songo Son Mambo Dancehall Songo Timba Afro-Cuban jazz Reggae Bossa nova Samba New Orleans jazz Style: Samba-Reggae or Bossanova 3:2; O..O..O.|..O..O.. Berroa, Ignacio (1996: Warner Brothers VHS). Another example includes the song "Not Fade Away," originally written by Buddy Holly, but performed by a number of artists including The Rolling Stones, The Grateful Dead, and Rush.
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